Metrics

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open-source relational database system. Monitoring its metrics is vital to ensure performance, stability, and reliability. The following is a list of essential PostgreSQL metrics in PDS. Understanding these metrics will help administrators optimize performance, troubleshoot issues, and ensure the PostgreSQL database runs smoothly.

Access metrics for PostgreSQL

To fetch the above listed metrics for PostgreSQL deployments in PDS, you can connect to the metrics exporter using the following details:

Metrics port

For PostgreSQL deployment, the data service metrics are accessible on port 5555.

Access metrics

In a Kubernetes-based PDS deployment, the Postgres exporter is exposed either internally or externally. Here are a few common ways to access it:

Internal cluster access

1. Look for the pod name that runs your PostgreSQL instance or the exporter sidecar container:

   kubectl get pods -n <your-namespace> 

2. Map your local machine’s port 5555 to the pod’s port 5555:

   kubectl port-forward -n <your-namespace> <pod-name> 5555:5555

3. Open a browser or use curl to access http://localhost:5555/metrics. You should see a text-based Prometheus metrics output.

External NodePort or LoadBalancer

1. Look for a Service (for example, <release-name>-postgres-exporter) with either NodePort or LoadBalancer type:

   kubectl get svc -n <your-namespace>
   • If NodePort, you will see a port in the PORT(S) column (for example, 5555:32001/TCP).
   • If LoadBalancer, check the EXTERNAL-IP column for your load balancer endpoint.

2. Access NodePort http://<node-ip>:<nodeport>/metrics or the LoadBalancer http://<loadbalancer-ip>:5555/metrics to view metrics.

Verify metrics

You can verify the metrics manually using curl:

curl http://<host>:5555/metrics

If you are using:

• Prometheus UI: In the Prometheus expression browser, search for any metric beginning with pg_ (refer to the above metrics table) to verify data is being scraped successfully.
• Grafana or other dashboards: If you have Grafana or a similar tool connected to Prometheus, open your dashboard to check that PostgreSQL metrics are populating.

PostgreSQL Metrics

Metric Name	Metric Type
pg_database_connection_limit	gauge
pg_database_size_bytes	gauge
pg_exporter_last_scrape_duration_seconds	gauge
pg_exporter_last_scrape_error	gauge
pg_exporter_scrapes_total	counter
pg_locks_count	gauge
pg_replication_is_replica	gauge
pg_replication_lag_seconds	gauge
pg_roles_connection_limit	gauge
pg_scrape_collector_duration_seconds	gauge
pg_scrape_collector_success	gauge
pg_settings_allow_in_place_tablespaces	gauge
pg_settings_allow_system_table_mods	gauge
pg_settings_archive_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_array_nulls	gauge
pg_settings_authentication_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_analyze_threshold	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_freeze_max_age	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_max_workers	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_naptime_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_vacuum_threshold	gauge
pg_settings_autovacuum_work_mem_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_backend_flush_after_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_bgwriter_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_bgwriter_flush_after_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_bgwriter_lru_maxpages	gauge
pg_settings_bgwriter_lru_multiplier	gauge
pg_settings_block_size	gauge
pg_settings_bonjour	gauge
pg_settings_check_function_bodies	gauge
pg_settings_checkpoint_completion_target	gauge
pg_settings_checkpoint_flush_after_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_checkpoint_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_checkpoint_warning_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_client_connection_check_interval_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_commit_delay	gauge
pg_settings_commit_siblings	gauge
pg_settings_cpu_index_tuple_cost	gauge
pg_settings_cpu_operator_cost	gauge
pg_settings_cpu_tuple_cost	gauge
pg_settings_cursor_tuple_fraction	gauge
pg_settings_data_checksums	gauge
pg_settings_data_directory_mode	gauge
pg_settings_data_sync_retry	gauge
pg_settings_db_user_namespace	gauge
pg_settings_deadlock_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_debug_assertions	gauge
pg_settings_debug_discard_caches	gauge
pg_settings_debug_pretty_print	gauge
pg_settings_debug_print_parse	gauge
pg_settings_debug_print_plan	gauge
pg_settings_debug_print_rewritten	gauge
pg_settings_default_statistics_target	gauge
pg_settings_default_transaction_deferrable	gauge
pg_settings_default_transaction_read_only	gauge
pg_settings_effective_cache_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_effective_io_concurrency	gauge
pg_settings_enable_async_append	gauge
pg_settings_enable_bitmapscan	gauge
pg_settings_enable_gathermerge	gauge
pg_settings_enable_hashagg	gauge
pg_settings_enable_hashjoin	gauge
pg_settings_enable_incremental_sort	gauge
pg_settings_enable_indexonlyscan	gauge
pg_settings_enable_indexscan	gauge
pg_settings_enable_material	gauge
pg_settings_enable_memoize	gauge
pg_settings_enable_mergejoin	gauge
pg_settings_enable_nestloop	gauge
pg_settings_enable_parallel_append	gauge
pg_settings_enable_parallel_hash	gauge
pg_settings_enable_partition_pruning	gauge
pg_settings_enable_partitionwise_aggregate	gauge
pg_settings_enable_partitionwise_join	gauge
pg_settings_enable_seqscan	gauge
pg_settings_enable_sort	gauge
pg_settings_enable_tidscan	gauge
pg_settings_escape_string_warning	gauge
pg_settings_exit_on_error	gauge
pg_settings_extra_float_digits	gauge
pg_settings_from_collapse_limit	gauge
pg_settings_fsync	gauge
pg_settings_full_page_writes	gauge
pg_settings_geqo	gauge
pg_settings_geqo_effort	gauge
pg_settings_geqo_generations	gauge
pg_settings_geqo_pool_size	gauge
pg_settings_geqo_seed	gauge
pg_settings_geqo_selection_bias	gauge
pg_settings_geqo_threshold	gauge
pg_settings_gin_fuzzy_search_limit	gauge
pg_settings_gin_pending_list_limit_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_hash_mem_multiplier	gauge
pg_settings_hot_standby	gauge
pg_settings_hot_standby_feedback	gauge
pg_settings_huge_page_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_idle_in_transaction_session_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_idle_session_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_ignore_checksum_failure	gauge
pg_settings_ignore_invalid_pages	gauge
pg_settings_ignore_system_indexes	gauge
pg_settings_in_hot_standby	gauge
pg_settings_integer_datetimes	gauge
pg_settings_jit	gauge
pg_settings_jit_above_cost	gauge
pg_settings_jit_debugging_support	gauge
pg_settings_jit_dump_bitcode	gauge
pg_settings_jit_expressions	gauge
pg_settings_jit_inline_above_cost	gauge
pg_settings_jit_optimize_above_cost	gauge
pg_settings_jit_profiling_support	gauge
pg_settings_jit_tuple_deforming	gauge
pg_settings_join_collapse_limit	gauge
pg_settings_krb_caseins_users	gauge
pg_settings_lo_compat_privileges	gauge
pg_settings_lock_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_log_autovacuum_min_duration_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_log_checkpoints	gauge
pg_settings_log_connections	gauge
pg_settings_log_disconnections	gauge
pg_settings_log_duration	gauge
pg_settings_log_executor_stats	gauge
pg_settings_log_file_mode	gauge
pg_settings_log_hostname	gauge
pg_settings_log_lock_waits	gauge
pg_settings_log_min_duration_sample_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_log_min_duration_statement_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_log_parameter_max_length_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_log_parameter_max_length_on_error_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_log_parser_stats	gauge
pg_settings_log_planner_stats	gauge
pg_settings_log_recovery_conflict_waits	gauge
pg_settings_log_replication_commands	gauge
pg_settings_log_rotation_age_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_log_rotation_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_log_statement_sample_rate	gauge
pg_settings_log_statement_stats	gauge
pg_settings_log_temp_files_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_log_transaction_sample_rate	gauge
pg_settings_log_truncate_on_rotation	gauge
pg_settings_logging_collector	gauge
pg_settings_logical_decoding_work_mem_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_maintenance_io_concurrency	gauge
pg_settings_maintenance_work_mem_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_max_connections	gauge
pg_settings_max_files_per_process	gauge
pg_settings_max_function_args	gauge
pg_settings_max_identifier_length	gauge
pg_settings_max_index_keys	gauge
pg_settings_max_locks_per_transaction	gauge
pg_settings_max_logical_replication_workers	gauge
pg_settings_max_parallel_maintenance_workers	gauge
pg_settings_max_parallel_workers	gauge
pg_settings_max_parallel_workers_per_gather	gauge
pg_settings_max_pred_locks_per_page	gauge
pg_settings_max_pred_locks_per_relation	gauge
pg_settings_max_pred_locks_per_transaction	gauge
pg_settings_max_prepared_transactions	gauge
pg_settings_max_replication_slots	gauge
pg_settings_max_slot_wal_keep_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_max_stack_depth_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_max_standby_archive_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_max_standby_streaming_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_max_sync_workers_per_subscription	gauge
pg_settings_max_wal_senders	gauge
pg_settings_max_wal_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_max_worker_processes	gauge
pg_settings_min_dynamic_shared_memory_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_min_parallel_index_scan_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_min_parallel_table_scan_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_min_wal_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_old_snapshot_threshold_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_parallel_leader_participation	gauge
pg_settings_parallel_setup_cost	gauge
pg_settings_parallel_tuple_cost	gauge
pg_settings_pg_stat_statements_max	gauge
pg_settings_pg_stat_statements_save	gauge
pg_settings_pg_stat_statements_track_planning	gauge
pg_settings_pg_stat_statements_track_utility	gauge
pg_settings_port	gauge
pg_settings_post_auth_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_pre_auth_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_quote_all_identifiers	gauge
pg_settings_random_page_cost	gauge
pg_settings_recovery_min_apply_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_recovery_target_inclusive	gauge
pg_settings_remove_temp_files_after_crash	gauge
pg_settings_restart_after_crash	gauge
pg_settings_row_security	gauge
pg_settings_segment_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_seq_page_cost	gauge
pg_settings_server_version_num	gauge
pg_settings_shared_buffers_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_ssl	gauge
pg_settings_ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload	gauge
pg_settings_ssl_prefer_server_ciphers	gauge
pg_settings_standard_conforming_strings	gauge
pg_settings_statement_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_superuser_reserved_connections	gauge
pg_settings_synchronize_seqscans	gauge
pg_settings_syslog_sequence_numbers	gauge
pg_settings_syslog_split_messages	gauge
pg_settings_tcp_keepalives_count	gauge
pg_settings_tcp_keepalives_idle_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_tcp_keepalives_interval_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_tcp_user_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_temp_buffers_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_temp_file_limit_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_trace_notify	gauge
pg_settings_trace_sort	gauge
pg_settings_track_activities	gauge
pg_settings_track_activity_query_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_track_commit_timestamp	gauge
pg_settings_track_counts	gauge
pg_settings_track_io_timing	gauge
pg_settings_track_wal_io_timing	gauge
pg_settings_transaction_deferrable	gauge
pg_settings_transaction_read_only	gauge
pg_settings_transform_null_equals	gauge
pg_settings_unix_socket_permissions	gauge
pg_settings_update_process_title	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_cost_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_cost_limit	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_cost_page_dirty	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_cost_page_hit	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_cost_page_miss	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_defer_cleanup_age	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_failsafe_age	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_freeze_min_age	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_freeze_table_age	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age	gauge
pg_settings_vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age	gauge
pg_settings_wal_block_size	gauge
pg_settings_wal_buffers_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_wal_compression	gauge
pg_settings_wal_init_zero	gauge
pg_settings_wal_keep_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_wal_log_hints	gauge
pg_settings_wal_receiver_create_temp_slot	gauge
pg_settings_wal_receiver_status_interval_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_wal_receiver_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_wal_recycle	gauge
pg_settings_wal_retrieve_retry_interval_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_wal_segment_size_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_wal_sender_timeout_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_wal_skip_threshold_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_wal_writer_delay_seconds	gauge
pg_settings_wal_writer_flush_after_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_work_mem_bytes	gauge
pg_settings_zero_damaged_pages	gauge
pg_stat_activity_count	gauge
pg_stat_activity_max_tx_duration	gauge
pg_stat_archiver_archived_count	counter
pg_stat_archiver_failed_count	counter
pg_stat_archiver_last_archive_age	gauge
pg_stat_bgwriter_buffers_alloc_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_buffers_backend_fsync_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_buffers_backend_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_buffers_checkpoint_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_buffers_clean_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_checkpoint_sync_time_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_checkpoint_write_time_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_checkpoints_req_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_checkpoints_timed_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_maxwritten_clean_total	counter
pg_stat_bgwriter_stats_reset_total	counter
pg_stat_database_active_time_seconds_total	counter
pg_stat_database_blk_read_time	counter
pg_stat_database_blk_write_time	counter
pg_stat_database_blks_hit	counter
pg_stat_database_blks_read	counter
pg_stat_database_conflicts	counter
pg_stat_database_conflicts_confl_bufferpin	counter
pg_stat_database_conflicts_confl_deadlock	counter
pg_stat_database_conflicts_confl_lock	counter
pg_stat_database_conflicts_confl_snapshot	counter
pg_stat_database_conflicts_confl_tablespace	counter
pg_stat_database_deadlocks	counter
pg_stat_database_numbackends	gauge
pg_stat_database_stats_reset	counter
pg_stat_database_temp_bytes	counter
pg_stat_database_temp_files	counter
pg_stat_database_tup_deleted	counter
pg_stat_database_tup_fetched	counter
pg_stat_database_tup_inserted	counter
pg_stat_database_tup_returned	counter
pg_stat_database_tup_updated	counter
pg_stat_database_xact_commit	counter
pg_stat_database_xact_rollback	counter
pg_stat_replication_pg_current_wal_lsn_bytes	gauge
pg_stat_replication_pg_wal_lsn_diff	gauge
pg_stat_replication_reply_time	untyped
pg_static	untyped
pg_up	gauge
pg_wal_segments	gauge
pg_wal_size_bytes	gauge
postgres_exporter_build_info	gauge
postgres_exporter_config_last_reload_success_timestamp_seconds	gauge
postgres_exporter_config_last_reload_successful	gauge
process_cpu_seconds_total	counter
process_max_fds	gauge
process_network_receive_bytes_total	counter
process_network_transmit_bytes_total	counter
process_open_fds	gauge
process_resident_memory_bytes	gauge
process_start_time_seconds	gauge
process_virtual_memory_bytes	gauge
process_virtual_memory_max_bytes	gauge
promhttp_metric_handler_requests_in_flight	gauge
promhttp_metric_handler_requests_total	counter